Engineering a Local Hydrophilic Environment in Fuel Oil for Efficient Oxidative Desulfurization with Minimum H2O2 Oxidant

Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) using H₂O₂ oxidant has emerged as a viable carbon-neutral way to produce  premium-grade sulfur-free fuels, yet it currently suffers from overconsumption of oxidants and low efficiency for the immiscibility and high interfacial tension of water and oil. Here, we report efficient  ODS using minimal H₂O₂ oxidant without phase transfer agents. This is achieved by introducing organic modifiers (for example, etidronic acid (EA)) on molybdenum oxides anchored carbon nanotubes to dynamically activate Mo active sites and capture H₂O₂ molecules. Such in situ generated local hydrophilicity depends on the  electron-donating and hydrophilic −OH functional groups in EA, which can not only endow Mo active sites with high electron density for chemisorption of H₂O₂ but also ensure the sufficient supply of H₂O₂. Combined with the substrate enrichment effect of hydrophobic porous carbon to sulfur contaminants, the efficient ODS reaction occurs at the  solid–water–oil three-phase interface. The complete desulfurization was achieved within 10 min at 40 °C with an O/S ratio of 1, surpassing the optimum in the literature. This work unveils an avenue to improve ODS activity by harnessing the local reaction environment.