Metal-organic frameworks for advanced aqueous ion batteries and supercapacitors

Metal-organic  frameworks (MOFs) show great promise for electrochemical energy storage  applications due to their high surface area, tunable porosity, ordered  crystal structure, and facile tolerability. However, some MOFs with high  electrochemical performance are usually unstable in aqueous solutions,  which limits their development in aqueous electrochemical energy storage  systems, which are cheaper, safer, and more ionically conductive than  those operating in conventional organic electrolytes. Numerous efforts  have been made to construct stable MOFs or control MOF derivation  processes induced by chemical or thermal forces to optimize their  properties and performance. Therefore, a review summarizing the MOFs  applied in aqueous electrochemical energy storage devices would be  useful. In this review, the chemical stability and thermal stability of  MOFs under aqueous conditions are discussed. The evolution processes of  MOFs when they exceed their stability are summarized. Furthermore, the  recent fast-growing literature on MOF-based aqueous ion batteries and  supercapacitors is comprehensively reviewed, and guidelines for  designing high-performance aqueous electrochemical devices are provided.  The current challenges and opportunities for applying MOFs in aqueous  electrochemical energy-storage devices are provided. We hope this review  will promote the development of MOFs in aqueous electrochemical devices  by exploiting the advantages and remedying the disadvantages of MOFs.